C++ - Operators Precedence

C++ Operators Precedence

Operator precedence (order of operations) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given expression.

For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition. Thus, the expression 1 + 2 × 3 is interpreted to have the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponent is used in the expression, it has precedence over both addition and multiplication. Thus 3 + 5² = 28 and 3 × 5² = 75.

Operator Associativity

Operator associativity is the direction in which an expression is evaluated. For example:

int x = 10;
int y = 20;

//associativity of = operator is
//Left to Right, hence x will become 20
x = y;

As the associativity of = is left to right. Hence x is assigned the value of y.

Example:

The example below illustrates the operator precedence in C++.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main (){
  int retval1, retval2, retval3;

  //evaluates 5 * 2 first
  retval1 = 15 - 5 * 2;

  //above expression is equivalent to
  retval2 = 15 - (5 * 2);

  //forcing compiler to evaluate 15 - 5 first
  retval3 = (15 - 5) * 2;

  cout<<"15 - 5 * 2 = "<<retval1<<"\n";
  cout<<"15 - (5 * 2) = "<<retval2<<"\n";
  cout<<"(15 - 5) * 2 = "<<retval3<<"\n";
  return 0;
}

The output of the above code will be:

15 - 5 * 2 = 5
15 - (5 * 2) = 5
(15 - 5) * 2 = 20

C++ Operators Precedence Table

The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C++ operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence. When operators have the same precedence, associativity of the operators determines the order in which the operations are performed.